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                            ã¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè᡹¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡ÒáÅ¡«ÕèÁÕËÅØÁ´Ó áµè¡çÂѧäÁèÊÒÁÒö¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ìä´éá¹èªÑ´

                            ä´éÁÕ¡Òä鹾º 2 ÍÂèÒ§àÁ×èÍàÃçÇæ¹Õé «Öè§à»ç¹¡ÒÃʹѺʹعÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹
                            ·ÕèÃÐÂÐàËÅèÒ¹ÕéÁÕËÅØÁ´Ó¤×Í ã¹ºÃÔàdzã¡Åéà¤Õ§¡ÒáÅ¡«Õè
                            ·ÕèÂѧÁÕÍÒÂØ¢ÑÂÍÂÙè¹Ñé¹¾ºÇèÒÁÕÃкº "water maser"
                            (áËÅè§¡Óà¹Ô´ÃѧÊÕ¤Å×è¹äÁâ¤ÃàÇ¿·ÕèÁÕ¡ÓÅѧÊÙ§) ã¡Åé¡Ñº¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÊ
                            ¡ÅØèÁ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ¨ÑÂä´éãªéà·¤¹Ô¤·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ "very-long-baseline interferometry"
                            㹡ÒÃÇÑ´¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇ㹡ÒáÃШÒ¢ͧ¡çÒ«
                            ·Õè¨Ø´ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡ÒáÅ¡«Õèä´é¤ÃÖè§»Õáʧ ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÑ´¹Õé ÊÒÁÒöÊÃØ»ä´éÇèÒ
                            ÁÇŢͧÇѵ¶Ø·ÕèÍÂÙèÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡ÒáÅ¡«Õè ÁÕÃÑÈÁÕ¹éÍ¡ÇèÒ¤ÃÖè§»Õáʧ
                            ¨Ö§ÂÒ¡·Õè¨ÐºÍ¡ÇèÒÇѵ¶Ø¹Ñé¹à»ç¹ÊÔè§Í×蹹͡¨Ò¡ËÅØÁ´Ó
                            «Öè§ÁÕÁÇŨӹǹÁÒ¡ã¹»ÃÔÁÒµÃàÅç¡æ (ÃÒ§ҹâ´Â Miyoshi Çѹ·Õè 12
                            Á¡ÃÒ¤Á 1995 ˹ѧÊ×Í Nature àÅèÁ·Õè 373 ˹éÒ 127) ¡Òä鹾º¤ÃÑé§·ÕèÊͧ
                            ¤é¹¾ºâ´Â¹Ñ¡´ÒÃÒÈÒʵÃì ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàªÕèÂǪҭ´éÒÃÃѧÊÕàÍç¡«ì
                            ä´é¾ºÅÓáʧ¨Ò¡¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂʢͧ¡ÒáÅ¡«Õè˹Öè§
                            «Öè§áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒÍеÍÁ·Õèà¤Å×è͹·ÕèÍÂÙèã¡Åé¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂʹÑé¹
                            à¤Å×è͹·Õè´éǤÇÒÁàÃçÇÊÙ§ (»ÃÐÁÒ³ 1/3 ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇáʧ)
                            ÍÕ¡·Ñé§ÃѧÊÕ·Õèá¼èÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡ÍеÍÁàËÅèÒ¹Õé ¶Ù¡àÅ×è͹仨ҡÊÕá´§
                            «Ö觤ÅéÒ¡ѺÃѧÊÕ·ÕèÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡ºÃÔàdzã¡ÅéàÊé¹à¢µÇ§¢Í§ËÅØÁ´Ó
                            «Öè§¡çÂÒ¡·Õè¨ÐºÍ¡ÇèÒäÁèãªèËÅØÁ´Ó áÅжéÒ¢éÍÊÃØ»à»ç¹¨ÃÔ§ ÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹·ÕèºÍ¡ÇèÒ
                            ÁÕËÅØÁ´ÓÍÂÙè·Õè¨Ø´ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡ÒáÅ¡«Õè¡ç¶Ù¡µéͧ

                            㹪èǧ»Õ 1970 Stephen Hawking
                            ¡ÅèÒÇÇèÒËÅØÁ´ÓäÁèä´éÁ״ʹԷ价ءÊèǹÍÂèÒ§·Õè·Ø¡¤¹¤Ô´
                            à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÁѹÁÕ¡ÒÃá¼èÃѧÊÕÍÍ¡ÁÒ «Öè§à»ç¹»ÃÒ¡®¡Òóì¤Ç͹µÑÁàÁ¤Ò¹Ô¤Êì
                            (Quantum-mechanics effect)
                            ¾Åѧ§Ò¹·Õèãªé㹡ÒÃá¼èÃѧÊÕà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÁÇŢͧËÅØÁ´Ó
                            ·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃÊÑè¹àÅ硹éÍ·ÓãËéÁÕÃѧÊÕÍÍ¡ÁÒ «Öè§à»ç¹¼ÅãËéÁÇŢͧËÅØÁ´ÓŴŧ
                            àÁ×èÍËÅØÁ´ÓÊÑè¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹àÃ×èÍÂæ ÃѧÊÕ·ÕèÍÍ¡ÁÒ¡çÁÕÁÒ¡
                            ·ÓãËéÁÇÅŴŧÁÒ¡¨¹¡ÃзÑè§ËÁ´ä»ã¹·ÕèÊØ´
                            äÁèÁÕã¤ÃÃÙéÇèÒà¡Ô´ÍÐäâÖé¹ËÅѧ¨Ò¡·ÕèËÅØÁ´ÓËÒÂä»ËÁ´
                            ¹Ñ¡ÇԨѺҧ¡ÅØèÁ¤Ô´ÇèÒÍÒ¨¨ÐàËÅ×ͫҡàÅç¡æ¹éÍÂæ¤§àËÅ×ÍÍÂÙè
                            «Öè§ÂѧäÁèÁÕ·ÄɮշÕèÊÒÁÒöºÍ¡ä´é

                            ·ÓäÁËÅØÁ´Ó¨Ö§ËÒÂä»
                            ¤ÇÒÁäÁèá¹è¹Í¹¢Í§ËÅÑ¡¢Í§¤Ç͹µÑÁàÁ¤Ò¹Ô¤Êì
                            ÍÒ¨¨Ð·ÓÅÒ¡®¡ÒÃ͹ØÃÑ¡Éì¾Åѧ§Ò¹ áµè¡çà»ç¹à¾Õ§ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒÊÑ鹿à·èÒ¹Ñé¹
                            à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡¨Ñ¡ÃÇÒÅÊÒÁÒöÊÃéÒ§ÁÇÅáÅоÅѧ§Ò¹¢Öé¹·Õèã´·Õè˹Öè§
                            áµèÁÇÅáÅоÅѧ§Ò¹¹Ñ鹡çËÒÂä»ÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇ
                            »ÃÒ¡®¡Òóì»ÃÐËÅÒ´¹ÕéàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ "Vacuum fluctuations"
                            ͹ØÀÒ¤¤Ùè˹Öè§à¡Ô´¢Öé¹·Õèã´·Õè˹Öè§ã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒÊÑ鹿
                            áÅзÓÅÒ«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ¨¹ÊÅÒÂä»
                            ¡®Í¹ØÃÑ¡Éì¾Åѧ§Ò¹¶Ù¡·ÓÅÒÂàÁ×èÍÁÕ͹ØÀÒ¤à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒ
                            áµè¾Åѧ§Ò¹¡çÂѧ¤§ÍÂÙèàÁ×èÍÁÕ͹ØÀÒ¤ÊÅÒÂä» â´ÂÁÕ¡Ò÷´Åͧ·ÕèÂ×¹ÂѹÇèÒ
                            Vacuum fluctuations ÊÒÁÒöà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´é µÍ¹¹ÕéÍÒ¨¨ÐÊÁÁµÔä´éÇèÒ Vacuum
                            fluctuations à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹ºÃÔàdzã¡Åéà¤Õ§àÊé¹à¢µÇ§¢Í§ËÅØÁ´Ó
                            «Öè§ÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÕ͹ØÀҤ˹Öè§ã¹Êͧµ¡Å§ä»ã¹ËÅØÁ´Ó
                            ã¹¢³Ð·Õè͹ØÀÒ¤ÍÕ¡ÍѹÊÒÁÒöËÅØ´¾é¹¨Ò¡áç´Ö§´Ù´¢Í§ËÅØÁ´Óä´é
                            ͹ØÀÒ¤·ÕèËÅØ´¾é¹ÍÍ¡ÁÒä´é¨Ð¹Ó¾Åѧ§Ò¹·Õèä´éÁÒ¨Ò¡ËÅØÁ´Ó
                            áÅÐÊÒÁÒö¤é¹¾ºä´éã¹ÃÐÂзÕèä¡ÅÍÍ¡ÁÒ
                            «Ö觨ÐÁͧàËç¹àËÁ×͹ÇèÒËÅØÁ´Ó»ÅèÍÂ͹ØÀÒ¤ÍÍ¡ÁÒ
                            ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒùÕéà¡Ô´«éÓáÅéÇ«éÓàÅèÒ
                            ¨¹ÁͧàËç¹à»ç¹ÅÓáʧ¢Í§ÃѧÊÕ·ÕèÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡ËÅØÁ´Ó

                            ËÅØÁ´Ó¨ÐäÁèËÒÂ仡è͹·ÕèàÃҨе¡Å§ä»¶Ö§ËÃ×Í
                            àÃÒ¨ÐÊѧà˵Øä´éÇèÒ ¨Ø´·Õèà¾×è͹àÃÒÍÂÙèã¹·Õè·Õè»ÅÍ´ÀÑÂ
                            «Öè§ËèÒ§ÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡ËÅØÁ´Ó¹Ñé¹
                            ¨ÐÁͧàËç¹àÃÒ¡ÓÅѧ¨Ð¢éÒÁàÊé¹à¢µÇ§´éÇÂàÇÅÒ·ÕèäÁèÁÕ·ÕèÊÔé¹ÊØ´
                            ËÅØÁ´Ó¨ÐËÒÂä»â´ÂãËéÃѧÊÕ Hawking ÍÍ¡ÁÒã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒ˹Öè§
                            ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹àÁ×èÍàÃÒä»¶Ö§àÊé¹à¢µÇ§ ËÅØÁ´Ó¡çËÒÂä»áÅéÇãªèäËÁ ÍÂèÒ§¹ÕéäÁè¶Ù¡µéͧ
                            à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡àÃҺ͡ÇèÒ à¾×è͹ÁͧàËç¹àÃÒ¢éÒÁàÊé¹à¢µÇ§´éÇÂàÇÅÒ·ÕèäÁèÁÕ·ÕèÊÔé¹ÊØ´
                            «Öè§¢³Ð¹Ñé¹àÃÒ¤Ô´ÇèÒËÅØÁ´ÓäÁèÁÕ¡ÒÃÊÙ­ËÒÂ
                            ¶éÒËÅØÁ´ÓÁÕ¡ÒÃÊÙ­ËÒÂä»·Ø¡ÍÂèÒ§¨Ðà»ÅÕè¹ä»
                            à¾×è͹¨ÐàËç¹àÃÒ¢éÒÁàÊé¹à¢µÇ§·ÕèàÇÅÒ˹Öè§ áÅСçàËç¹ËÅØÁ´ÓËÒÂä»´éÇÂ
                            «Öè§ÊÒÁÒö͸ԺÒÂÍÂèÒ§ÅÐàÍÕ´¤×Í
                            à¾×è͹¨ÐàËç¹ÀÒ¾ÅǧµÒâ´Âáʧ·ÕèàÃÒá¼èÍÍ¡ä» µÍ¹·ÕèàÃÒÍÂÙèã¡ÅéàÊé¹à¢µÇ§
                            (ÂѧäÁèä´é¢éÒÁàÊé¹à¢µÇ§) ¶éÒËÅØÁ´ÓäÁèÁÕ¡ÒÃÊÙ­ÊÅÒÂ
                            à¾×è͹¨ÐàËç¹àÃÒÍÂÙè·ÕèàÊé¹à¢µÇ§à»ç¹àÇÅÒ¹Ò¹ â´ÂäÁèàËç¹àÃÒ¢éÒÁàÊé¹à¢µÇ§ä»
                            áµè¶éÒËÅØÁ´ÓÁÕ¡ÒÃÊÙ­ÊÅÒ à¾×è͹¨ÐàËç¹áʧ·Õèá¼èÍÍ¡¨Ò¡àÃÒµÅÍ´àÇÅÒ
                            ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ã¹¢³Ð·Õè¢éÒÁàÊé¹à¢µÇ§ «Öè§àÇÅÒ·Õè¹Ñé¹à»ç¹àÇÅÒà´ÕÂǡѺ·ÕèÃѧÊÕ Hawking
                            á¼èÍÍ¡ÁÒ¤ÃÑé§ÊØ´·éÒ (ËÅØÁ´Óá¼èÃѧÊÕ Hawking ÍÍ¡ÁÒàÃ×èÍÂæ
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